SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Protoplanetary disk</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protoplanetary disk</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary nebula</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>protoplanetary disk</b> is a rotating <a href="Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">circumstellar disc</a> of dense gas and dust surrounding a <a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">young newly formed</a> star, a <a href="T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri star</a>, or <a href="Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be star</a>. The protoplanetary disk may not be considered an <a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a>; while the two are similar, an accretion disk is hotter and spins much faster; it is also found on <a href="Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>, not stars. This process should not be confused with the accretion process thought to build up the planets themselves. Externally illuminated photo-evaporating protoplanetary disks are called <a href="Proplyds" class="mw-redirect" title="Proplyds">proplyds</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div>

<p><a href="Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostars</a> form from <a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a> consisting primarily of <a href="Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>. When a portion of a molecular cloud reaches a critical size, <a href="Jeans_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeans mass">mass</a>, or density, it begins to collapse under its own <a href="Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. As this collapsing cloud, called a <a href="Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>, becomes denser, random gas motions originally present in the cloud average out in favor of the direction of the nebula's net angular momentum. <a href="Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">Conservation of angular momentum</a> causes the rotation to increase as the nebula radius decreases. This rotation causes the cloud to flatten out—much like forming a flat pizza out of dough—and take the form of a disk. This occurs because <a href="Centripetal_acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Centripetal acceleration">centripetal acceleration</a> from the orbital motion resists the gravitational pull of the star only in the radial direction, but the cloud remains free to collapse in the axial direction. The outcome is the formation of a thin disc supported by gas pressure in the axial direction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial collapse takes about 100,000 years. After that time the star reaches a surface temperature similar to that of a main sequence star of the same mass and becomes visible.

</p><p>It is now a T Tauri star. Accretion of gas onto the star continues for another 10 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the disk disappears, perhaps being blown away by the young star's <a href="Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a>, or perhaps simply ceasing to emit radiation after accretion has ended. The oldest protoplanetary disk yet discovered is 25 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars differ from the disks surrounding the primary components of close binary systems with respect to their size and temperature. Protoplanetary disks have radii up to 1000 <a href="Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>, and only their innermost parts reach temperatures above 1000 <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>. They are very often accompanied by <a href="Stellar_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar jet">jets</a>.

</p><p>Protoplanetary disks have been observed around several young stars in our galaxy. Observations by the <a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> have shown proplyds and planetary disks to be forming within the <a href="Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RicciRobberto2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RicciRobberto2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'dellWong1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'dellWong1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Protoplanetary disks are thought to be thin structures, with a typical vertical height much smaller than the radius, and a typical mass much smaller than the central young star.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The mass of a typical proto-planetary disk is dominated by its gas, however, the presence of dust grains has a major role in its evolution. Dust grains shield the mid-plane of the disk from energetic radiation from outer space that creates a dead zone in which the <a href="Magnetorotational_instability" title="Magnetorotational instability">magnetorotational instability</a> (MRI) no longer operates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is believed that these disks consist of a turbulent envelope of plasma, also called the active zone, that encases an extensive region of quiescent gas called the dead zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead zone located at the mid-plane can slow down the flow of matter through the disk which prohibits achieving a steady state.

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> ejecta producing <a href="Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">planet-forming material</a>.</div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetary_system">Planetary system</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">nebular hypothesis</a> of solar system formation describes how protoplanetary disks are thought to evolve into planetary systems. Electrostatic and gravitational interactions may cause the dust and ice grains in the disk to accrete into <a href="Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a>. This process competes against the <a href="Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a>, which drives the gas out of the system, and gravity (<a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">accretion</a>) and internal stresses (<a href="Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>), which pulls material into the central T Tauri star. Planetesimals constitute the building blocks of both terrestrial and giant planets.<sup id="cite_ref-lhdb2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lhdb2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dangelo2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Some of the moons of <a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, and <a href="Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> are believed to have formed from smaller, circumplanetary analogs of the protoplanetary disks.<sup id="cite_ref-arxiv0812_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arxiv0812-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dangelo_podolak_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangelo_podolak_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of planets and moons in geometrically thin, gas- and dust-rich disks is the reason why the <a href="Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a> are arranged in an <a href="Ecliptic_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic plane">ecliptic plane</a>. Tens of millions of years after the formation of the Solar System, the inner few AU of the Solar System likely contained dozens of moon- to Mars-sized bodies that were accreting and consolidating into the terrestrial planets that we now see. The Earth's moon likely formed after a Mars-sized protoplanet obliquely <a href="Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">impacted</a> the proto-Earth ~30 million years after the formation of the Solar System.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debris_disks">Debris disks</h2></div>

<p>Gas-poor disks of circumstellar dust have been found around many nearby stars—most of which have ages in the range of ~10 million years (e.g. <a href="Beta_Pictoris" title="Beta Pictoris">Beta Pictoris</a>, <a href="51_Ophiuchi" title="51 Ophiuchi">51 Ophiuchi</a>) to billions of years (e.g. <a href="Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a>). These systems are usually referred to as "<a href="Debris_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disks">debris disks</a>". Given the older ages of these stars, and the short lifetimes of micrometer-sized dust grains around stars due to <a href="Poynting_Robertson_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Poynting Robertson drag">Poynting Robertson drag</a>, collisions, and <a href="Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a> (typically hundreds to thousands of years), it is thought that this dust is from the collisions of planetesimals (e.g. <a href="Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a>, <a href="Comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">comets</a>). Hence the <a href="Debris_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disks">debris disks</a> around these examples (e.g. <a href="Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>, <a href="Alphecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphecca">Alphecca</a>, <a href="Fomalhaut" title="Fomalhaut">Fomalhaut</a>, etc.) are not "protoplanetary", but represent a later stage of disk evolution where extrasolar analogs of the <a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> and <a href="Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> are home to dust-generating collisions between planetesimals.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_abiogenesis">Relation to abiogenesis</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a> and <a href="Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></div>

<p>Based on recent <a href="Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer model studies</a>, the <a href="Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">complex organic molecules</a> necessary for <a href="Life" title="Life">life</a> may have formed in the protoplanetary disk of <a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust grains</a> surrounding the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> before the formation of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the computer studies, this same process may also occur around other <a href="Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars">stars</a> that acquire <a href="Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Also see <a href="Abiogenesis#Observed_extraterrestrial_organic_molecules" title="Abiogenesis">Extraterrestrial organic molecules</a>.)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the dynamics of a <a href="Proplyd" title="Proplyd">proplyd</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">20 protoplanetary discs captured by the High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A shadow is created by the protoplanetary disc surrounding the star HBC 672 within the nebula.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Protoplanetary disc <a href="AS_209" title="AS 209">AS 209</a> nestled in the young <a href="Ophiuchus_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiuchus (constellation)">Ophiuchus</a> star-forming region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Protoplanetary disk <a href="HH_212" title="HH 212">HH 212</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">By observing dusty protoplanetary discs, scientists investigate the first steps of planet formation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Concentric rings around young star <a href="HD_141569A" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 141569A">HD 141569A</a>, located some 370 light-years away.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Debris_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disks">Debris disks</a> detected in <a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> images of young stars, <i><a href="HD_141943" title="HD 141943">HD 141943</a></i> and <i>HD 191089</i> - images at top; geometry at bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140424_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140424-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Protoplanetary disk <a href="HH-30" class="mw-redirect" title="HH-30">HH-30</a> in <a href="Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a> - disk emits the reddish <a href="Stellar_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar jet">stellar jet</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Artist's impression of a protoplanetary disk. </div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A proplyd in the <a href="Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Video shows the evolution of the disc around a young star like <a href="HL_Tauri" title="HL Tauri">HL Tauri</a> (artist concept).</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Image of the circumtrinary disc around <a href="GW_Orionis" title="GW Orionis">GW Orionis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bi2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bi2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">An artist's concept of a protoplanetary disk</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Components of proplyd 177-341W in the <a href="Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a> observed with <a href="Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">VLT</a> <a href="Multi-unit_spectroscopic_explorer" title="Multi-unit spectroscopic explorer">MUSE</a>, showing an ionization front, protoplanetary disk, and tail<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">HOPS-315, a still-forming planetary system showing evidence for the earliest stages of planet formation.</div>

</li>

</ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetary_disks" class="extiw external" title="commons:Protoplanetary disks"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Protoplanetary disks</span></a>.</div></div>

</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">

<ul><li><a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a> – Accumulation of matter around a planet</li>

<li><a href="Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_wind" title="Disk wind">Disk wind</a> – material ejected from a disk</li>

<li><a href="Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li>

<li><a href="Exoasteroid" title="Exoasteroid">Exoasteroid</a></li>

<li><a href="Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Q-PACE" title="Q-PACE">Q-PACE</a> – a spacecraft mission to study accretion</li>

<li><a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnathan_Webb2014" class="citation web cs1">Johnathan Webb (2014-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-29932609">"Planet formation captured in photo"</a>. <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106220622/https://public.nrao.edu/static/pr/planet-formation-alma.html">"Birth of Planets Revealed in Astonishing Detail in ALMA's 'Best Image Ever'"</a>. NRAO. 2014-11-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.nrao.edu/static/pr/planet-formation-alma.html">the original</a> on 2014-11-06.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.nrao.edu/news/early-evolution-of-planetary-disk-structures-seen-for-the-first-time/">"Early Evolution of Planetary Disk Structures Seen for the First Time"</a>. <i>National Radio Astronomy Observatory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMamajek,_E.E.UsudaTamuraIshii2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mamajek, E.E.; Usuda, Tomonori; Tamura, Motohide; Ishii, Miki (2009). "Initial Conditions of Planet Formation: Lifetimes of Primordial Disks". <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. <b>1158</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>10. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.5011">0906.5011</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AIPC.1158....3M">2009AIPC.1158....3M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3215910">10.1063/1.3215910</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16660243">16660243</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPringle,_J.E.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, J.E. (1981). "Accretion discs in astrophysics". <i><a href="Annual_Review_of_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics">Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>162. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ARA&A..19..137P">1981ARA&A..19..137P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.19.090181.001033">10.1146/annurev.aa.19.090181.001033</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMamajek,_E.E.Meyer,_M.R.Hinz,_P.M.Hoffmann,_W.F.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mamajek, E.E.; Meyer, M.R.; Hinz, P.M.; Hoffmann, W.F.; Cohen, M. & Hora, J.L. (2004). "Constraining the Lifetime of Circumstellar Disks in the Terrestrial Planet Zone: A Mid-Infrared Survey of the 30 Myr old Tucana-Horologium Association". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>612</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">496–</span>510. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0405271">astro-ph/0405271</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...612..496M">2004ApJ...612..496M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F422550">10.1086/422550</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16366683">16366683</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_R.J.Hillenbrand,_L.A.2005" class="citation journal cs1">White, R.J. & Hillenbrand, L.A. (2005). "A Long-lived Accretion Disk around a Lithium-depleted Binary T Tauri Star". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>621</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">L65 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L68</span>. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0501307">astro-ph/0501307</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...621L..65W">2005ApJ...621L..65W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F428752">10.1086/428752</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17532904">17532904</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCainHartmann2005" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Fraser; Hartmann, Lee (3 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/10795/audio-planetary-disk-that-refuses-to-grow-up/">"Planetary Disk That Refuses to Grow Up (Interview with Lee Hartmann about the discovery)"</a>. <a href="Universe_Today" title="Universe Today">Universe Today</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1540a/">"Protoplanetary Disk: Simulated Spiral Arm vs. Observational Data"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RicciRobberto2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RicciRobberto2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRicciRobbertoSoderblom2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ricci, L.; Robberto, M.; Soderblom, D. R. (2008). "Thehubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys Atlas of Protoplanetary Disks in the Great Orion Nebula". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>136</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">2136–</span>2151. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....136.2136R">2008AJ....136.2136R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F136%2F5%2F2136">10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/2136</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123470043">123470043</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-O'dellWong1996-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'dellWong1996_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'dellWong1996" class="citation journal cs1">O'dell, C. R.; Wong, Kwan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F117832">"Hubble Space Telescope Mapping of the Orion Nebula. I. A Survey of Stars and Compact Objects"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>111</b>: 846. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..846O">1996AJ....111..846O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F117832">10.1086/117832</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2011" class="citation journal cs1">Armitage, Philip J. (2011). "Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks". <i><a href="Annual_Review_of_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics">Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>236. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1496">1011.1496</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ARA&A..49..195A">2011ARA&A..49..195A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-081710-102521">10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102521</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55900935">55900935</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBalbusHawley1991" class="citation journal cs1">Balbus, Steven A.; Hawley, John F. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1991ApJ...376..223H">"A powerful local shear instability in weakly magnetized disks. I - Linear analysis. II - Nonlinear evolution"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>376</b>: <span class="nowrap">214–</span>233. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...376..214B">1991ApJ...376..214B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F170270">10.1086/170270</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202075258/https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1991ApJ...376..214B">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-02.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Layered_Accretion_In_T_Tauri_Disks_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGammie1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gammie, Charles (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1996ApJ...457..355G">"Layered Accretion In T Tauri Disks"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>457</b>: 355. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...457..355G">1996ApJ...457..355G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F176735">10.1086/176735</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117095828/https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1996ApJ...457..355G">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-17.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1626/">"Stellar Outburst Brings Water Snow Line Into View"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lhdb2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lhdb2009_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLissauerHubickyj,_O.D'Angelo,_G.Bodenheimer,_P.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lissauer, J. J.; Hubickyj, O.; D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2009). "Models of Jupiter's growth incorporating thermal and hydrodynamic constraints". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>199</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>350. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.5186">0810.5186</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..199..338L">2009Icar..199..338L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2008.10.004">10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.004</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18964068">18964068</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dangelo2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dangelo2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFD'AngeloWeidenschilling,_S._J.Lissauer,_J._J.Bodenheimer,_P.2014" class="citation journal cs1">D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2014). "Growth of Jupiter: Enhancement of core accretion by a voluminous low-mass envelope". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>241</b>: <span class="nowrap">298–</span>312. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.7305">1405.7305</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..241..298D">2014Icar..241..298D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.06.029">10.1016/j.icarus.2014.06.029</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118572605">118572605</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-arxiv0812-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arxiv0812_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCanup,_Robin_M.Ward,_William_R.2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robin_Canup" title="Robin Canup">Canup, Robin M.</a>; Ward, William R. (2008-12-30). <i>Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites</i>. <a href="University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. p. 59. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0812.4995">0812.4995</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009euro.book...59C">2009euro.book...59C</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8165-2844-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dangelo_podolak_2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dangelo_podolak_2015_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFD'AngeloPodolak,_M.2015" class="citation journal cs1">D'Angelo, G.; Podolak, M. (2015). "Capture and Evolution of Planetesimals in Circumjovian Disks". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>806</b> (1): 29pp. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.04364">1504.04364</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...806..203D">2015ApJ...806..203D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F806%2F2%2F203">10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/203</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119216797">119216797</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Space-20120329-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Space-20120329_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space-20120329_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2012" class="citation web cs1">Moskowitz, Clara (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html">"Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun"</a>. <a href="Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1904a/">"Pitch perfect in DSHARP at ALMA"</a>. <i>www.eso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1819/">"Hubble reveals cosmic Bat Shadow in the Serpent's Tail"</a>. <i>www.spacetelescope.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1809a/">"Young planet creates a scene"</a>. <i>www.eso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1720a/">"Feeding a Baby Star with a Dusty Hamburger"</a>. <i>www.eso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1714a/">"Spring Cleaning in an Infant Star System"</a>. <i>www.eso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1625a/">"Boulevard of Broken Rings"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NASA-20140424-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20140424_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarringtonVillard2014" class="citation web cs1">Harrington, J.D.; Villard, Ray (24 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive">"RELEASE 14-114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive"</a>. <i><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425125432/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/astronomical-forensics-uncover-planetary-disks-in-nasas-hubble-archive/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bi2020-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bi2020_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBivan_der_MarelDongMuto2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bi, Jiaqing; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab8eb4">"GW Ori: Interactions between a Triple-star System and Its Circumtriple Disk in Action"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>895</b> (1). L18. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03135">2004.03135</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ApJ...895L..18B">2020ApJ...895L..18B</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab8eb4">10.3847/2041-8213/ab8eb4</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAruMaucoManara2024" class="citation journal cs1">Aru, Mari-Liis; Mauco, Karina; Manara, Carlo F. (December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/12/aa51737-24/aa51737-24.html">"A tell-tale tracer for externally irradiated protoplanetary disks: Comparing the [C I] 8727 Å line and ALMA observations in proplyds"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>692</b>: A137. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.21018">2410.21018</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202451737">10.1051/0004-6361/202451737</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Sanford S. (2006). "A New Model for Water Vapor and Ice Abundance in a Protoplanetary Nebula". <i>American Astronomical Society, DPS Meeting #38, #66.07</i>. <b>38</b>: 617. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006DPS....38.6607D">2006DPS....38.6607D</a>.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBarrado_y_Navascues1998" class="citation journal cs1">Barrado y Navascues, D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095617/http://aa.springer.de/papers/8339003/2300831/small.htm">"The Castor moving group: The age of Fomalhaut and Vega"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>339</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">831–</span>839. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9905243">astro-ph/9905243</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&A...339..831B">1998A&A...339..831B</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.springer.de/papers/8339003/2300831/small.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-22</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKalasGrahamClampin2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paul_Kalas" title="Paul Kalas">Kalas, Paul</a>; Graham, J.; Clampin, M. (2005). "A planetary system as the origin of structure in Fomalhaut's dust belt". <i>Nature</i>. <b>435</b> (7045): <span class="nowrap">1067–</span>70. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0506574">astro-ph/0506574</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435.1067K">2005Natur.435.1067K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03601">10.1038/nature03601</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15973402">15973402</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4406070">4406070</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsCieza2011" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, J. P.; Cieza, L. A. (2011). "Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution". <i><a href="Annual_Review_of_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics">Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>117. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.0556">1103.0556</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ARA&A..49...67W">2011ARA&A..49...67W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-081710-102548">10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102548</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58904348">58904348</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2011" class="citation journal cs1">Armitage, P. J. (2011). "Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks". <i><a href="Annual_Review_of_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics">Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>236. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1496">1011.1496</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ARA&A..49..195A">2011ARA&A..49..195A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-081710-102521">10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102521</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55900935">55900935</a>.</cite></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars520" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Stars520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li>

<li><a href="T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li>

<li><a href="Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a>

<li><a href="Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li>

<li><a href="Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li>

<li>Main sequence

<li><a href="Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a>

<li><a href="Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li>

<li><a href="Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a>

<li><a href="Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li>

<li><a href="Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a>

<li><a href="Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a>

<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a>

<li><a href="Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li>

<li><a href="Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li>

<li><a href="IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li>

<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a>

<ul><li><a href="Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a>

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li>

<li><a href="Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li>

<li><a href="Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li>

<li><a href="Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li>

<li>Black hole star

<ul><li><a href="Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li>

<li>Hawking</li>

<li><a href="Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li>

<li><a href="Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li>

<li><a href="White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li>

<li><a href="CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li>

<li><a href="Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li>

<li><a href="S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li>

<li><a href="R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li>

<li><a href="P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a>

<ul><li><a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li>

<li><a href="Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gravity_darkening" title="Gravity darkening">Gravity darkening</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li>

<li><a href="Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li>

<li><a href="Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a>

<li><a href="Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br>observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li>

<li><a href="Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_stars" title="List of largest stars">Largest volume</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_distant_stars" title="List of most distant stars">Most distant</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">Neutron star merger</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_engulfment" title="Stellar engulfment">Stellar engulfment</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AStars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/">"Home | Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian"</a>. <i>www.cfa.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Protoplanetary_disk&oldid=1301024849">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>